Running head: ADVANCED STROOP EFFECT 2 Abstract This study further examined the well-known process of the Stroop effect and experiment by J.R. Stroop through an advanced Stroop task. There were 23 participants who completed 4 conditions testing for reaction and accuracy. For each condition the participants were asked to report the color of the Stroop test, researchers found that low glucose levels resulted in rigid thinking and higher glucose levels resulted in higher-level thinking (Donohoe & Benton, ). Self- Control and PreoccupationAuthor: Stacia Fritz The Stroop Effect is a test that tests the mental state of the person. For this experiment, I will test the reaction time between the test when the color and word are the same (Matching) and when the color and word are different (Mis-Matching). Next, you see the differences in the
Stroop effect Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - words
Table of contents. The Stroop effect refers to a delay in reaction times between congruent and incongruent stimuli MacLeod, The congruency, or agreement, occurs when the meaning of a word and its font color are the same. Incongruent stimuli is just the opposite. That is, the meaning of stroop effect research paper word and the color in which it is written do not align.
The Stroop task asks individuals to name the color of the word, instead of reading the word itself. The delay in reaction time reveals that it is much harder to name the color of a word when the word itself spells another color the incongruent stimuli than it is to name the color of the word when the word itself spells that same color the congruent stimuli. The Stroop effect was first published back in by American psychologist John Ridley Stroop, although discoveries of this phenomenon date back to the nineteenth century Stroop, Participants 70 college undergraduates were tasked with reading the word aloud, irrespective of its color.
The second experiment was the opposite of the first. Participants college students were first asked to name the color of individual squares instead of the color of words as a training mechanism for the subsequent task.
Afterwards, participants had to say the color of the word, regardless of its meaning — the opposite of the experiment 1 procedure. The third and final experiment integrated all of the previously mentioned tests with an undergraduate population of 32 participants. Conguent word name and stroop effect research paper color are the same, stroop effect research paper. Inconguent word name and font color are different. The dependent variable DV was reaction time ms in reporting the letter color, stroop effect research paper.
These tests demonstrate a disparity in the speed of naming colors and reading the names of colors, which may be explained by a difference in training in the two activities. The observed results might reflect the fact that people have more experience consciously reading words than consciously labeling colors, illustrating a difference in the mechanisms that control these two processes.
Why does the Stroop effect occur? We can tell our brain to do lots stroop effect research paper things — store memories, sleep, think, etc. The processing speed theory claims that people can read words much faster than they can name colors i. The theory of selective attention holds that recognizing colors, compared to reading words, requires more attention.
Because of this, the brain needs to use more attention when attempting to name a color, making this process take slightly longer McMahon, This theory argues that recognizing colors is not an automatic process, and thus there is a slight hesitancy when carrying out this action. Automatic processing are processes in the mind that are relatively fast and require few cognitive resources. This type of information processing generally occurs outside of conscious awareness, and is common when undertaking familiar and highly practised tasks.
This is similar to the Stroop effect in which we see a more automatic process trying to dominate over a more deliberative one. The interference occurs when we try to use System 2 to override System 1, thus producing that delay in reaction time. The fourth and final theory proposes that when the brain completes different tasks, stroop effect research paper, unique pathways are developed.
Some of these pathways, such as reading words, are stronger than others, such as naming stroop effect research paper Cohen et al. Thus, the interference is not an issue of processing speed, attention, or automaticity, but rather a battle between the stronger and weaker neural pathways. Numerous studies have tried to identify the specific brain regions responsible for this phenomenon, identifying two key regions: the anterior cingulate cortex ACC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DLFPC.
Both MRI and fMRI scans show activity in the ACC and DLPFC while completing the Stroop test or related tasks Milham et al. The DLPFC assists with memory and executive functioning, and its role during the task is to activate color perception and inhibit word encoding. The ACC is responsible for selecting the appropriate response and to properly allocate attentional resources Banich et al.
Countless studies that repeatedly test the Stroop effect reveal a few key recurring findings van Maanen et al. Other experiments have slightly modified the original Stroop test paradigm to provide stroop effect research paper findings. One study found that participants were slower to name the color of emotion words as opposed to neutral words Larsen et al. Another experiment examined the differences among participants with panic disorder and OCD. A third experiment investigated the relationship between duration and numerosity processing, instead of word and color processing.
Participants were shown two series of dots in succession and asked either 1 which series contained more dots or 2 which series lasted longer from the appearance of the first to the last dots of the series. The incongruency occurred when fewer dots were shown on the screen for longer, stroop effect research paper, and a congruent series was marked by a series with more dots that lasted longer.
The researchers found that numerical cues interfered with duration processing. That is, when fewer dots were shown for longer, it was harder for participants to figure out which set of dots appeared on the screen for longer Dormal et al. Thus, there is a difference between the processing of numerosity and duration. The purpose of the Stroop task is to measure interference that occurs in the brain. The initial paradigm has since been adopted in several different ways to measure other forms of interference such as duration and numerosity, as mentioned earlier.
Additional variations measure interference between picture and word processing, direction and word processing, digit and numerosity processing, and central vs. peripheral letter identification MacLeod, The below figure provides illustrations for these four variations:. the Stroop task is also used as a mechanism for measuring selective attention, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility Howieson et al. Additionally, the Stroop task has been utilized to study populations with brain damage or mental disorders, stroop effect research paper, such as dementia, depression, stroop effect research paper, or ADHD Lansbergen et al.
Research reveals that individuals who struggle with depression are more likely to say the color of a negative word slower than that of a neutral word Frings et al. The versatility of the Stroop task paradigm lends itself to be useful in a wide variety of fields within psychology.
What was once a test that only examined the relationship between word and color processing has since been expanded to investigate additional processing interferences and to contribute stroop effect research paper the fields of psychopathology and brain damage. The development of the Stroop task not only provides novel insights into the ways in which our brain mechanisms operate, but it also sheds light on the power of psychology to expand and stroop effect research paper on past research methods as we continue to uncover more and more about ourselves.
Charlotte Ruhl is a member of the Class of at Harvard University. She studies Psychology with a minor in African American Studies. On campus, Charlotte works at an implicit stroop effect research paper cognition research lab, is an editor for the undergraduate law review, and plays softball.
RuhlC. The stroop effect. Simply Psychology. Banich, M. fMRI studies of Stroop tasks reveal unique roles of anterior and posterior brain systems in attentional selection.
Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 12 6 Cohen, J. On the control of automatic processes: a parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychological review, 97 3 Dormal, V. Numerosity-duration interference: A Stroop experiment.
Acta psychologica, 2 Frings, C. Decomposing the emotional Stroop effect. Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 63 1 Howieson, D.
Orientation and attention. Neuropsychological assessment Kampman, M. The emotional Stroop: a comparison of panic disorder patients, obsessive—compulsive patients, and normal controls, in two experiments. Journal of anxiety disorders, 16 4 Lansbergen, M. Neuropsychology, 21 2stroop effect research paper, Larsen, R. Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments.
Emotion, 6 1 MacLeod, C. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological bulletin, stroop effect research paper, 2stroop effect research paper, Milham, stroop effect research paper, M. Practice-related effects demonstrate complementary roles of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices in attentional control.
Neuroimage, 18 2 Monahan, J. Coloring single Stroop elements: Reducing automaticity or slowing color processing? The Journal of general psychology, 1 Sahinoglu B, Dogan G. Event-Related Potentials and the Stroop Effect. Spreen, O. A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. Oxford University Press.
The Stroop Effect Explained
, time: 2:31Free Essay: Lab Report: The Stroop Effect.
The results of this paper proved the validity of the Stroop effect and ensured that the foundations of theories that follow this theory are on firm ground. CONCLUSIONS The conclusion that was reached in this paper was that the Stroop effect and test were found to be effective in Stroop test, researchers found that low glucose levels resulted in rigid thinking and higher glucose levels resulted in higher-level thinking (Donohoe & Benton, ). Self- Control and PreoccupationAuthor: Stacia Fritz The Stroop Effect is a test that tests the mental state of the person. For this experiment, I will test the reaction time between the test when the color and word are the same (Matching) and when the color and word are different (Mis-Matching). Next, you see the differences in the
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